implikaciuri topiki qarTulSi

ანოტაცია

ინფორმაციის სტრუქტურირება მიმდინარეობს ინფორმაციის გარკვეული მონაკვეთების გამოყოფით. ნებისმიერი ტიპის ინფორმაციის ნებისმიერი სახით ხაზგასმა (მაგ.: გამოკვეთა, ლოგიკური მახვილი, ინფორმაციის წინ წამოწევა, როგორც ყველაზე მნიშვნელოვანის და ა.შ.) შეიძლება მივიჩნიოთ, როგორც ერთი, ზოგადი ფენომენი, რომელიც წარმოადგენს ლინგვისტური სტრუქტურების ფორმირების მთავარ სტრატეგიას. აქედან გამომდინარე, ტოპიკი, ფოკუსი, სუბიექტი, თემა, თვალსაზრისი და ა.შ.- სხვა არაფერია,  თუ არა ინფორმაციის ხაზგასმის სხვადასხვა ფორმები.

კვლევის მიზანია ქართულში იმპლიკაციური ტოპიკის შესწავლა. მონაცემები შეგროვილ იქნა სხვადასხვა ექსპერიმენტული დავალებების საფუძველზე, რომლებიც მიმდინარეობდა ბუნებრივი დისკუსის ფორმით. მონაცემები ჩაიწერა პროგრამა P PRAAT-ში და ანოტირებულ იქნა პროგრამა EXMARaLDA-ში. მონაცემთა ანალიზის საფუძველზე შეგვიძლია გამოვავლინოთ ტოპიკალიზაციის სხვადასხვა საშუალებები, ესენია: ინტონაცია, მორფო-სინტაქსური მოდელები და ნაწილაკები, რომლებიც ძირითად როლს თამაშობენ ქართულში იმპლიკაციური ტოპიკის მოდელების შექმნაში.

sakvanZo siტyvebi: implikaciuri topiki, fokusi, topiki

I. Sesavali

1.1. sakiTxis dasma

winadadebaSi informaciis struturirebis sxvadasxvagvari saSualebebi cvlis winadadebis pragmatikul Sinaarss da implikaciurad ufro farTo konteqstur Sinaarsebs moicavs. am fenomenis sakvlevad Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi SemuSavda garkveuli meTodologia da GganisazRvra ZiriTadi cnebebi, romelTa saSualebiT, met-naklebi warmatebiT, SesaZlebelia winadadebis sainformacio struqturis kvleva. fokusi da topiki  winadadebis sainformacio struqturis ganmsazRvreli swored aseTi ZiriTadi cnebebia.

1.2. fokusi

winadadebaSi fokusis garda warmodgenil informacias ewodeba foni (Common Ground). orive maTgani gamoxatavs sxvadasxva datvirTvis mqone informacias. fokusi ZiriTadad gamoxatavs axal informacias, romliTac sainformacio nakadSi, ZiriTadad kiTxva-pasuxis diskursSi, ivseba informaciuli xarvezi, xolo foni Zvel informacias, romelic mosaubreTa saerTo safuZvels qmnis. mag.: kiTxvaze – vin daxata suraTi? – pasuxSi: biWma daxata suraTi – fokusirebuli iqneba biWi, xolo fons (Common Groud) qmnis komunikaciis aqtSi monawileTa saerTo ‘codna’ imis Sesaxeb, rom viRacam daxata suraTi. sakomunikacio aqtis dros, informaciis struqturirebisas, foni uwyvetad icvleba da ivseba mopovebuli informaciisda Sesabamisad.

      u. l. Ceifi aris erT-erTi pirveli mecnierTagani, romelmac enaTmecnierebaSi daamkvidra termini fokusi. igi saubrobda fokusze, rogorc informaciis SefuTvis meqanizmze, romelic uSualod pasuxobs mosaubreTa sakomunikacio moTxovnilebebs. u. Ceifi fokuss uwodebs axal informacias, romelic gamokveTili intonaciis wyalobiT warmoaCens informaciis centralur nawils; xolo foni gamoxatavs Zvel informacias, romelic safuZvels qmnis axali informaciis mosapoveblad.

      manfred krifkas azriT, yvelaze zusti gansazRvreba fokusisa unda asaxavdes SesaZlebel pasuxTa alternatevebis rigs. mag.: zemoT moxmobil kiTxvaze – vin xatavs suraTs? – pasuxi SeiZleba iyos: biWi, gogo, kaci, qali, mxatvari da a.S. am SesaZlebel pasuxTa alternativebidan, situaciisda Sesabamisad, irCeva erT-erTi, romelic swored am SerCevis wyalobiT aris fokusirebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, m. krifka iZleva fokusis ufro zust definicias:

fokusi miuTiTebs im alternativebis arsebobaze, romlebic relevanturia lingvistur gamoxatulebaTa interpretirebisTvis.  

      amdenad, fokusi, zogadad, gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs interpretaciis sxvadasxva alternativebi. fokusis sxvadasxva qvetipi swored am zogadi ideis sxvadasxvagvari variaciaa. fokusirebuli SeiZleba iyos winadadebis sxvadasxva zomis Semadgeneli: mTeli winadadeba, saxeluri Tu zmnuri frazebi an maTi nawilebi (zedsarTavebi, CvenebiTi an kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi, garemoebebi da sxv.). zogjer gamoyofen farTo da viwro fokuss. qvemoT moxmobil magaliTSi fokusi TandaTan viwrovdeba B1-dan B4-mde (C. Gessenhoven):

      A1: What else can  you  tell us about Helen?

            B1: She [used to drive a Renault CLIO]Foc

            A2:  Has she driven any other cars besides Fords and Chevrolets?

            B2: She used to drive [a Renault CLIO]Foc 

            A3: What kind of Renault did she drive?

            B3: She used to drive a Renault [CLIO]Foc

            A4: Does she drive a Renault CLIO?

            B4: She [USED TO]Foc drive a Renault Clio

B1 farTo fokuss warmogvidgens, xolo B2, B3, B4 sxvadasxva saxis viwro fokusebs. yvela pasuxi erTi da imave winadadebiT aris warmodgenili, informaciul sxvaobas qmnis mxolod intonaciuri konturi, rac sxvadasxva fokusis maCvenebelia. am intonaciebis areva pasuxs araadekvaturad aqcevs. magaliTad, A1-ze B2, B3, an B4 pasuxTa Sesabamisi intonaciuri konturi araadekvaturi iqneba da sakomunikacio situaciis rRvevas gamoiwvevs.

      arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis fokusebi, magaliTad:

            1.Verum fokusi, romelic winadadebis WeSmarituli Rirebulebis fokusia. is ZiriTadad gamoixateba damxmare zmnis aqcentirebiT: She DOES like broccoli

      2. kompleqsuri  (Complex) fokusi, romelic or an met Semadgenels aerTianebs da ver daiyvaneba erTamde: John only introduced BILL to SUE.

      3. mravalricxovani (Multiple) fokusi, romelic erTsa  da imave winadadebaSi warmogvidgens or (an met) damoukideblad  fokusirebul Semadgenels: John only introduced  BILL only to SUE.

      4. kontrastuli (Contrastive) fokusi gvaqvs iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac kiTxvaSive SemosazRvrulia alternativebis rigi. is gamoiyeneba mxolod namdvilad kontrastuli azris gamosaxatavad:                 A: What do you want to drink tea or coffee?

            B: I want  TEA.

      5. amomwuravi (Exhaustive) fokusi gviCvenebs imas, rom is aris erTaderTi swori alternativa: It’s JOHN and BILL that stole a cookie. (anu: swored JOHN-ma da BILL-ma moipares namcxvari da     sxvam aravin.)

      6. Skaluri (Scalar) fokusis SemTxvevaSi (romelsac aseve emfatikur (Emphatic) fokuss uwodeben) alternativebi dalagebulia Skaluri principiT da fokusi aris am alternativebis yvelaze dabali an yvelaze maRali (anu      polaruli) elementi: WILD HORses wouldn’t drag me there.

1.3. topiki

fokusisagan gansxvavebiT, topiki ZiriTadad Zvel informacias warmogvidgens da informaciis pragmatulad aqtualizebul nawils gamoxatavs: zogierT SemTxvevaSi situaciis asaxvisas saWiro xdeba informaciis dazusteba, misi pragmatuli Rirebulebebis gaxazva, movlenebs Soris arsebul (an ararsebul) kavSirebze miniSneba, informaciis mosalodneloba-moulodnelobis asaxva, informaciaSi implikaciuri an presupoziciuli mimarTebebis dafiqsireba da sxva amgvari. topiki swored amgvar damatebiT informacias gadmogvcems da ZiriTadad aris winadadebis is wevri, romlis Sesaxebac movipovebT informacias. topikis dasadgenad yvelaze moxerxebulia frazebi: ras ityviT X-is Sesaxeb? Semdgomi informacia swored am X-is Sesaxebaa da, rogorc wesi, gulisxmobs gamonaTqvams: rac Seexeba X-s, is... Tu fokusiT xdeba ucnobi informaciis Sevseba, topiki, piriqiT, cnobilia da mis Sesaxeb vagrovebT damatebiT informacias.

     fon der gabelenci iyo pirveli mecnieri, romelmac topiki gamoiyena mosaubris mier nagulisxmebi obieqtis aRsaniSnavad. im terminTa Soris, romlebic ukavSirdeba komunikaciisas informaciis struqturirebas, topiki aris iseTi cneba, romlis identificirebasac axdens mosaubre da romlis Sesaxebac Semdgomi informacia, anu komentari, aris mocemuli. terminebi ‘topiki’ da ‘komentari’ xSirad gamoiyeneba e.w. ‘fsiqologiuri subieqtisa’ (resp. is, razec fiqrobs mosaubre) da ‘fsiqologiuri predikatis’ (resp. is, rasac am ukanasknelze fiqrobs mosaubre) mimarT. magaliTad, winadadeba Aristotle Onassis married Jacqueline Kennedy SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvarad interpretirebuli:

      Aa. [Aristotle Onassis]Topic [married Jacqueline Kennedy]Comment

       b. [Jacqueline Kennedy]Topic [married Aristotle Onassis]Comment

a-SemTxvevaSi vsaubrobT, informacias movipovebT a. onasisis Sesaxeb da, faqtiurad, vpasuxobT kiTxvaze: ras ityviT onasisis Sesaxeb?; xolo b-SemTxvevaSi – J. kenedis Sesaxeb: ras ityviT kenedis Sesaxeb?

      amgvarad, SeiZleba warmovadginoT topikis Semdegi definicia:

topikuri Semadgeneli aris erTeuli an erTeulTa simravle, romlis Sesaxebac komentarSi gadmocemuli informaciaa mopovebuli.

      arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis topikebi, magaliTad:

      1. kontrastuli, romelic gviCvenebs kontrasts wina diskursul TemasTan. is SeiZleba gamoiyenebul iqnes wina Temidan axal Temaze gadasasvlelad, ramdenadac axal informacias gvawvdis ara Zvel, aramed ZvelTan dapirispirebul, topikalizebul, SedarebiT axal Semadgenelze:

     A: Do you think that Fritz would buy this suit?                    

            B: Well, [I]Top certainly wouldn’t.

(am SemTxvevaSi mopasuxe B pirdapir ar pasuxobs A-s    SekiTxvas, aramed iZleva  gansxvavebul, Tumca kiTxvasTan dakavSirebul, kontrastul, pasuxs.)

      2. nawilobrivi, romelic gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad im SemTxvevebSi,       rodesac mosaubre Tavs aridebs kiTxvaze

pirdapir, amomwurav pasuxs da Zveli informaciidan mxolod garkveuli nawilis Sesaxeb gvawvdis axal informacias:

            A:  What did the pop stars wear?

            B:  [The female pop stars]Top wore [caftans]Foc.

(am SemTxvevaSic, mopasuxe B ar pasuxobs kiTxvaze pirdapir, yovel SemTxvevaSi, amomwuravad.)

      3. implikaciuri, romelic gvawvdis informacias ara mxolod moTxovnil wevrze, aramed nagulixmeb (ZiriTadad,       sapirispiro situaciaSi myof) wevrzec:

      A: What about the men, do they smoke cigarettes?

            B: [Only men]Top smoke cigarettes.

(am pasuxSi igulisxmeba, rom mxolod kacebi (da ara qalebi) ewevian sigarets)

1.4. topikisa da fokusis warmodgenis enobrivi saSualebebi

formaluri TvalsazrisiT, topiki da fokusi SeiZleba markirebul iqnes sxvadasxva enobriv doneze:

      1. fonetika-fonologiis (intonacia, maxvili, toni, specifikuri fonetikur-fonologiuri procesebi: gamJRereba-dayrueba, asimilacia-disimilacia da sxv.);

     2. morfologia-sintaqsis (morfologiuri markeri, specialuri brunva, Serwymuli nawilaki an klitika; sityvaTa rigis cvla, elifsi,  specifikuri konstruqciebi, frazebis gagleja, tmesi da sxv.);

     3. leqsika-semantikis (specialuri sityvebi, nawilakebi, artikli, kvantoruli sityvebi: mxolod, marTlac, namdvilad, aseve, kidec da sxv.).

      xSirad es formaluri meqanizmebi Tanaarsebobs da Sedegad vRebulobT rTul, kompleqsur enobriv modelebs, romlebic emsaxureba informaciis struqturirebasa da SefuTvas winadadebaSi. formaluri meqanizmebi xSirad implikaciuri xasiaTisaa (mag., sityvaTa rigis cvla  xSirad intonaciur gamokveTasac iwvevs da garkveul SemTxvevebSi sintaqsuri mimarTebebis cvlasac; specialuri nawilakebis gamoyeneba zogjer iwvevs winadadebis wevrTa Soris sintaqsur mimarTebebis cvlas da specialur intonaciur gaformebasac moiTxovs; da sxv.). topikisa da fokusis markirebis ZiriTadi universaluri meqanizmia specifikuri intonaciuri konturi, Tumca arsebobs enaTa mixedviT gansxvavebuli sxvadasxvagvari formaluri modelebic. enebSi, romlebic orientirebulia sainformacio nakadSi pragmatulad aqtualizebuli elementebis konceptualur markirebaze, rogorc wesi, topikis aRmniSvneli specialuri morfologiuri mawarmoebelic gamoiyofa (magaliTad, asea iaponurSi). miuxedavad imisa, rom es procesebi enaTa mixedviT specifikuria (yoveli ena Tavisi strategiis mixedviT axorcielebs topik-fokusisa Tu sxva aqtualizebuli wevris formalizebas), universalur maxasiaTeblebsa da niSnebze saubari mainc SesaZlebelia.

1.5. sakvlevi obietis dadgena; kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi

implikaciuri topiki, rogorc aRvniSneT, imiT aris gamorCeuli, rom is damatebiT, damazustebel  informacias gvawvdis saubris Temis Sesaxeb da, imavdroulad, mas garkveulad upirispirebs, acalkevebs sxva nagulisxmebi informaciisgan. specifikuri kontrastuli intonacia garkveuli Semadgenlisa gulisxmobs kontrastul, sapirispiro informacias sxva obieqtze, rac nagulisxmebia da gamomdinareobs an zogadi codnidan Cveni samyarosa da warmodgenebis Sesaxeb (zogadi implikaciuri topiki) an, konkretuli situaciidan gamomdinare, am konkretuli situaciuri codnidan (konteqsturad gansazRvruli implikaciuri topiki). magaliTad, winadadebaSi: [ai qalebi]Top ar ewevian, igulisxmeba Cveni codna da gamocdileba imis Sesaxeb, rom kacebi ewevian (zogadi implikaciuri topiki). xolo situaciidan: sanadirod wavidnen biWi da monadire. [ai monadirem]Top mokla iremi – gamomdinareobs, rom biWma ar mokla iremi (konteqsturi implikaciuri topiki).

      Cveni amocanaa, gavarkvioT:

1. gamoixateba Tu ara formalurad implikaciuri topiki qarTulSi;

2. Tu ki, konkretulad ra formaluri modelebi gamoiyeneba qarTulSi implikaciuri topikis gamosaxatavad;

3. ra rols asrulebs am modelebSi intonacia;

4. ra saxis sintaqsuri konstruqciebia damaxasiaTebeli implikaciuri topikisaTvis;

5. Tu gamoiyeneba (da romeli) nawilakebi implikaciuri topikisaTvis qarTulSi.

  

1.6. meTodologia

ramdenadac topikisa da fokusis formaluri modelebis moZiebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT  mniSvnelovania bunebrivi sametyvelo situaciebi, saanalizo masalis mosapoveblad SemuSavda swored aseT bunebriv situaciaTa mastimulirebeli saeqsperimento amocanebi, romlebic eyrdnoba potsdam-berlinis proeqtis farglebSi SemuSavebul mravalferovan testebsa da kiTvarebs. testebi Sedgenilia situaciis ori ZiriTadi monawilis topikalizaciisTvis (agenti, mimRebi): implikaciuri topikis realizeba mowmdeba mxolod ori monawilisTvis (agenti, mimRebi).  am amocanebis  gadawyvetis pirobebSi cdispirTa mier spontanurad warmoTqmul gamonaTqvamTa simravle qmnis saanalizo erTeulTa bazas.

II. masalis mopoveba

2.1. eqsperimentis aRwera

implikaciuri topikis ZiriTadi enobrivi modelebis gamosavlenad Catarda ori tipis eqsperimenti.

      pirveli amocana: cdispirebs eZleodaT ilustrirebuli baraTebi. maT unda exelmZRvanelaT Semdegi instruqciiT: cdispirebs ise unda gaecaT pasuxi dasmul SekiTxvaze, rom ar daesaxelebinaT is piri, romlis Sesaxebac gvsurda mogvepovebina damatebiTi informacia. amdenad, topikalizebuli informacia winadadebaSi fiqsirdeboda ara uSualod, aramed implikaciurad.

      meore amocana: cdispirebs eZleoda erTi da igive, ornaxatiani, baraTebi. erT-erTi cdispiris baraTze Semoxazuli iyo erT-erTi naxati. Semoxazulnaxatiani baraTis mflobel informants ise unda gaeca pasuxi dasmul SekiTxvaze, rom meore informanti, romlis baraTic ar Seicavda Semoxazul naxats, gamoecno, romeli naxati iyo Semoxazuli.  

      eqsperimentSi monawileobas iRebda Teqvsmeti adamiani, ZiriTadad studentebi – gogonebi da biWebi. muSaoba ZiriTadad wyvilebTan mimdinareobda. cda tardeboda bunebrivi diskursis pirobebSi. cdispirebs ilustrirebuli furclebi hqondaT darigebuli da maTi amocana iyo spontanurad, bunebrivad, yovelgvari dafiqrebis gareSe gaecaT pasuxi dasmul SekiTxvaze an aReweraT naxati. sul Catarda cameti sesia.

2.2. masalis Cawera

kiTxva-pasuxebis Cawera xorcieldeboda warmoTqmisTanave Praat programaSi. es programa saSualebas iZleva dafiqsirdes fonetikuri Canawerebi, romlis speqtogramazec aisaxeba winadadebis mTliani intonaciuri konturi, tonuri cvlilebebi, maxvili, intensivoba da xmovanTa formantebi.

2.3. masalis anotireba

mopovebuli masalis analizi–anotireba xdeboda programa Exmaralda-Si, sadac yovel winadadebas Seesabameboda sxvadasxva parametrebis Sesabamisad damuSavebuli striqonebi: 

            1. saerTaSoriso, laTinuri anbanis safuZvelze miRebuli da specialuri simboloebiT gamdidrebuli, trasliteracia;

      2. morfemebad daSlili mimdevrobebi;

      3. morfemebis Sesabamisi glosebi;

      4. inglisuri Targmani;5. qarTuli anbanuri Canaweri;

      6. fonetikuri Canaweri;

      7. fonologiuri Canaweri;

      8. metyvelebis nawilebis mixedviT anotirebuli Canaweri;

      9. sintaqsuri funqciebis mixedviT anotirebuli Canaweri;

      10. semantikuri rolebis mixedviT anotirebuli Canaweri;

      11. Semadgenluri struqturis mixedviT anotirebuli Canaweri;

      12. axali-Zveli informaciis mixedviT anotirebuli Canaweri;

      13. topikis ganmsazRvreli Canaweri;

      14. fokusis ganmsazRvreli Canaweri;

      15. sulieroba-usulobis mixedviT anotirebuli Canaweri;

III. mopovebuli masalis nimuSebi

pirveli amocana:

instruqtori aZlevs erT baraTs ori suraTiT:

34-1 P.1: kaci eweva	P.2: qali svams

instruqcia: upasuxeT kiTxvas ise, rom ar axsenoT kaci, ubralod miuTiTeT qalze imgvarad, rom gasagebi iyos, Tu ras akeTebs kaci.

      kiTxva: vin eweva?

      pasuxi: ai, qali ar eweva

34-2

P.3: gogos da ara biWs axuravs qudi

instruqcia: upasuxeT kiTxvas ise, rom ar axsenoT gogo, ubralod miuTiTeT biWze imgvarad, rom gasagebi iyos, Tu ras akeTebs gogo.

      kiTxva: vis axuravs qudi?

      pasuxi: ai, biWs qudi ar axuravs

meore amocana: implikaciuri topiki (uaryofiTi implikacia) instruqtori aZlevs erT baraTs ori suraTiT (romelzec ar aris Semoxazuli arc erTi suraTi)   erT-erT cdispirs, meores ki imave baraTs, sadac erT-erTi suraTi Semoxazulia:

34-7

P.8a: qali (da ara kaci) kiTxulobs wigns	P.8b: qali da Dkaci kiTxuloben wigns

 

P.8a

P.8b (Semoxaxvis gareSe)

instruqcia pirvel informants:

Tqvens partniors aqvs igive suraTebi, rac Tqven. Tqvens wyvilze erTi suraTi Semoxazulia. Tqvenma partniorma unda gamoicnos, romelia Semoxazuli da am mizniT unda gkiTxoT, kiTxulobs Tu ara qali wigns  Tqvens suraTze. Tqven upasuxebT rom kiTxulobs, rac cxadia orive suraTidan. Tqveni amocanaa, ise upasuxoT, rom Tqveni partniori mixvdes, kiTxulobs Tu ara meore piri wigns da, Sesabamisad, is gamoicnobs, Tu romelia Semoxazuli suraTi.

instruqcia meore informants:

gTxovT hkiTxoT partniors, kiTxulobs Tu ara qali wigns Tqvens suraTze?

      pasuxi: ki, mxolod qali kiTxulobs wigns.

meore amocana: implikaciuri (dadebiTi) topiki

34-8

P.9a: qali da kaci qudebis gareSe	P.9b: kaci qudis gareSe, qali qudiT
= P.6a	= P.6b

 

=P.6a (Semoxazvis gareSe)

=P.6b

instruqcia pirvel informants:

Tqvens partniors aqvs igive suraTebi, rac Tqven. Tqvens wyvilze erTi suraTi Semoxazulia. Tqvenma partniorma unda gamoicnos, romelia Semoxazuli da am mizniT unda gkiTxoT, axuravs Tu ara biWs qudi Tqvens suraTze. Tqven upasuxebT, rom ar axuravs, rac cxadia orive suraTidan. Tqveni amocanaa, ise upasuxoT, rom Tqveni partniori mixvdes, axuravs Tu ara meore pirs qudi da, Sesabamisad, is gamocnos, Tu romelia Semoxazuli suraTi.

instruqcia meore informants:

gTxovT hkiTxoT partniors, axuravs Tu ara biWs qudi Tqvens suraTze.

      pasuxi: arc biWs ar axuravs qudi

IV. masalis analizi

4.1. eqsperimentebis Sedegad dadasturebuli gamonaTqvamebi

eqsperimentis Sedegad dafiqsirda  pasuxebi, sadac kargad Cans implikaciuri topikis qarTuli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli  formaluri modelebi (sul mopovebul masala moicavs 13 winadadebas). nimuSad warmovadgenT ramdenimes:

1. ai qali, ar eweva.

2. ai biWs, qudi ar axuravs

  

  

3. ara, biWi marto ar aris navSi

    

     

      Catarebulma eqperimentma gviCvena, rom qarTul enaSi implikaciuri topiki, upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba specifikuri intonaciiT. aseve, gairkva, rom, marTalia, ara gvaqvs specialuri morfologiuri markeri, magram nawilakebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben implikaciuri xasiaTis informaciis formirebaSi, garkveulwilad aseTi ‘markeris’ funqcias asruleben. mocemuli cameti magaliTidan oTxjer dafiqsirda ai nawilaki, orjer dafiqsirda mxolod nawilaki da TiTo-TiTojer dafiqsirda swored, arc da -c nawilakebi.

4.2. nawilakebis analizi da maTi roli winadadebis sainformacio struqturis formirebaSi

warmodgenil masalis mixedviT naTlad Cans nawilakebis gadamwyveti roli  implikaciuri topikis gamosaxatavad. masalaSi dadasturda ai, -c, mxolod, swored martivi da arc rTuli nawilakebi. am nawilakebis funqciebisa da semantikis dasadgenad mogvyavs qarTul gramatikul tradiciaSi arsebuli mosazrebebi:

      ganmartebiT leqsikonSi ai nawilaki Semdegnairad aris daxasiaTebuli: 1. miuTiTebs imaze, rac xdeba an rac unda moxdes:Aai ris Tqmac mindoda. ai erTi magaliTic. 2. igivea, rac hai:Aai, Se eSmako, Sena! ai gidi! – igivea, rac hai gidi.

            sulxan-saba orbeliani ai-s aigivebs aa-sTan da ase gamartavs: “ixile aqa, Tu viTar ganhyofs aobasa da myofsa. Mmyofi zogadi saxeli ars arsebisa da SemTxveviTisa, rameTu arseba TaviT TvisiT myofi ars da ara sxvisa Soris mqonebeli myofobisa da amisTvis qvemore damiweria myofsa Tana. xolo aÁ raRaTa ganeyofos arssa, ixile meWvretman: rameTu odes arsi anu myofi sTqva, myis Tanave gvarsa warmouyeneb xedulisasa, raÁc xroa iyos gancdad xeduli igi. xolo odes oden aÁ niSvnides, maT oden araobisagan ganhyofs da reca Tu a-Ta Soris warmoaCens, magram ugvarod da pirSeupyroblad, da merme ukuanaÁsRa zeda daurTavs a-sa, viTarmed raÁao, da miugebT TanganvliT, viTarmed cecxli, airi anu gonebaÁ da suli da eseviTari raÁve gvari myofTa.”

            akaki SaniZe ki ai nawilaks Semdegnairad ganmartavs: ai misaTiTebeli nawilakia:  ai es kaci, rom geubnebodi,  ai Seni wigni. SeiZleba SeuerTdes iq da im sityvebs da miviRoT aiq, aim: aiq xidi aris,  aim ficarzed ramdeni buzi zis.

     -c nawilaks Semdegi gansazRvreba aqvs: ca, c, c-c, c ki mimarTebiTi nawilakia; gamaZlierebeli nawilakia.

     -c nawilakis gameorebulad xmareba aucilebelia, Tu msjeloba ukuTqmiTia. am SemTxvevaSi -c emateba ara winadadebis wevrs, aramed ukuTqmiT nawilaks, ris gamoc miRebulia: arc-arc, aRarc-aRarc, verc-verc, nurc-nurc.

      swored ganimarteba Semdegnairad: 1.namdvilad, marTlac, zustad: swored ase  unda gakeTdes da ara sxvagvarad.  biWi swored iq mivida, sadac elodnen. 2. igivea, rac sworad: kiTxvaze sworad upasuxa.

     mxolod nawilaki: 1. Aara umetes imisa, rac vinc aris. swored is  (isini), swored im dros, im adgils da a.S., - marto: manqanaSi mxolod ori kaci ijda. mxolod axla dainaxa. jerjerobiT mxolod mercxlebi mofrindnen. 2. igivea, rac oRond: wadi, mxolod droze dabrundi! mxolod da mxolod = martooden, mxolod.

      rogorc vxedavT, qarTul specialur literaturaSi TiTqmis araferia naTqvami nawilakebis rolze winadadebis sainformacio struqturis formirebaSi. am rolis gasaanalizeblad meti yuradReba unda mivaqcioT ara mxolod nawilakebis semantikas, aramed maT funqciasac. 

      n. Sengelaia nawilakebs arasrul sityvebs uwodebs. ramdenadac arasruli sityvebis forma aris martivi, imdenad rTulia maTi semantika da  swored aseTi arasruli sityvebis daxmarebiT SeiZleba gamoixatos sabolood molaparakisTvis sasurveli informacia. arasrulAsityvaTa mniSvneloba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar warmoadgens raRac Semadgeneli mniSvnelobebis erTianobas. isini warmoadgenen martiv formebs. maT calke ar gaaCniaT sakuTari mniSvneloba, isini mniSvnelobas iZenen winadadebaSi srulmniSvnelobian sityvebTan erTad xmarebisas. arasruli sityvebi uzrunvelyofen logikurad azrobriv mTlianobas, erTgvarovnebas da gabmulobas. arasruli sityvebis gareSe teqsti ubralo mSrali winadadebebis mTlianobad iqceva.

      am Mmsjelobis dadasturebaa eqsperimentebiT mopovebuli masalac. metic, gairkva, rom nawilakebis roli teqstis mTlianobis formirebaSi ganisazRvreba maTi, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirveladi funqciiT formalurad gamoxaton garkveuli cvlilebebi winadadebis sainformacio struqturaSi.

V.Ddaskvnebi

5.1 nawilakebis roli informaciis struqturirebaSi

1. ai nawilaki cdispirebis mier gamoiyeneboda iseTi implikaciuri topikis gamosaxatavad, romelic damatebiT, ZiriTadad sapirispiro, informacias gvawvdida rogorc zogadi (34-1), aseve konkretuli situaciis meore wevrze: 34-2, 34-3, 43-4. implikaciuri topikis gamosaxatavad yvelaze xSirad swored es nawilaki dafiqsirda. sazogadod, sainteresoa, ai nawilakis zogadi funqcia: ‘miTiTeba+predikacia’, rac mas a. vejbickas mier navaraudebi erT-erTi primitivis (demonstrativis, substantivisa da predikaciis elementebiT) Sesabamis enobriv relizaciad warmogvidgens. swored am funqciebis gamo, is bavSvTa metyvelebis adreuli formebis aucilebel Semadgenels warmoadgens, rac, aseve, TanxmobaSia a. vejbickas mier winaswarmetyvelurad ‘aRdgenil’ (ramdenadac inglisurSi msgavsi, sami funqciis gamaerTianebeli, semantikuri primitivis realizacia ar dasturdeba) primitivTan.

      2. mxolod nawilaki sixSiriT meorea implikaciuri topikis markirebis procesSi. is gulisxmobs, rom topikTa SesaZlebel variantTagan  erTi da mxolod erTia dasaSvebi situaciisda Sesabamisad da is mxolod aseT konkretul SemTxvevebSia misaRebi: 34-6, 34-7.

      3. EerTma cdispirma upiratesoba mianiWa marto nawilakis gamoyenebas mxolod nawilakis nacvlad. am nawilaks, rogorc Cans, igive funqciebi aqvs, rac mxolod nawilaks: alternativebidan SearCios erTaderTi (34-9), Tumca Tavisuflad monacvle leqsemebad maT mainc ver CavTvliT, ramdenadac arsebobs konteqstebi, sadac isini erTmaneTs ver Caenacvlebian; mag.: marto kaci sikvdilSiac codoao. amis mizezi, rogorc Cans, maTi gansxvavebuli funqciebia: mxolod kvantoruli zmnizedaa, marto nawilaks ki SeiZleba hqondes, damatebiT, zedsarTavis funqciac, amitomac fraza marto kaci sintaqsuri wyvilia (uSualo Semadgeneli winadadebisa; e.i. aq igi srulmniSvnelobiania), maSin rodesac *mxolod kaci sintaqsur frazas ver qmnis (e.i. is nawilakad rCeba).

      4. aseve erT SemTxvevaSi dafiqsirda ar+c nawilaki: 34-8. am rTuli, nawarmoebi nawilakis funqciaa SesaZlebel alternatiul topikTagan uaryofiTi niSniT gamoarCios erT-erTi imgvarad, rom implikaciurad  meoris igive mdgomareoba daafiqsiros. es nawilaki informantma gamoiyena kiTxvaSi mocemuli uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis dasadastureblad imgvarad, rom iplikaciurad meoris Sesaxebac msgavsi, uaryofiTi informacia mogvawoda.

      4. swored nawilaki dafiqsirda im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac informanti implikaciurad adasturebda kiTxvaSi mocemuli informaciis sapirispiro informacias. saiteresoa, rom ‘uaryofiTi dadasturebis’ gasaZliereblad man gamoiyena kompleqsuri fraza: swored rom (43-5).

      5. -c nawilaki Segvxvda, aseve, informaciis (mxolod dadebiTis) dadasturebisas (34-10). rogorc Cans, swored da -c nawilakebis funqcia aris ‘daTanxmeba, dadastureba’ situaciis mere wevris Sesaxeb damatebiT msgavsi (dadebiTi an uaryofiTi) implikaciuri xasiaTis informaciis gadmocemis mizniT.

      6. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom nawilakebi, rogorc mosalodnelic iyo, ar dadasturda martivi implikaciuri topikis SemTxvevebSi: 34-11, 34-12, 34-13.

5.2. intonaciis roli implikaciuri topikis formirebaSi

sazogadod, topikis ZiriTadi formaluri niSania specifikuri intonaciuri konturi, romelic gansxvavdeba fokusirebuli an neitraluri frazis intonaciisgan. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia aRmavali (magram ara imdenad, rogoric gvaqvs kiTxviT konstruqciebSi) intonacia frazis sasazRvro dabali intonaciiT (LH*Lp). aseTive intonaciuri konturi axasiaTebs implikaciur topiks. nawilakebi, ZiriTadad, topikalizebul wevrTan erTad erT mTlian fonologiur (intonaciur) frazas qmnian. 

5.3. morfosintaqsuri modelebi

eqsperimentebma daadastura, rom qarTulSi implikaciuri topikisaTvis specialuri morfologiuri markeri ar arsebobs, sintaqsuri Tavisebureba ki aris is, rom topikalizebuli wevri miiswrafvis daikavos winadadebis sawyisi, ZiriTadad zmnis wina, pozicia.

literatura

 

1.    asaTiani, r. 2006. intonaciis roli winadadebis sainformacio struqturis formirebaSi; enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi; Tbilisi: “universali”. 22-32.

2.   orbeliani, s.s. 1991. leqsikoni qarTuli; Tbilisi: “merani”. 35-36.

3.    SaniZe, a. 1973. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi; Tbilisi: “Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba”. 607-616.

4.   Sengelaia, n. 2000. arasruli sityvebi da teqstis semantikuri mTlianoba; Tbilisi: “diogene”. 30-41

5.    Ciqobava, a. jabaSvili, m. 1986. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni; saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademia, enaTmecnierebis instituti, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. 19, 348, 451.

6.   Чейф, У. Л. 1975. Старая и новая информация. Значение и структура языка. Москва: "Прогресс" .  241-267.

7.   Buring,D.1995. Topic. Cologne University.  Electronic Version.

8.    Gussenhoven,C. 2006. Notions and subnotions in information structure. Radboud Universiteit Nejmegen and Queen Mary, University of London. Electronic Version.

9.   Krifka, M.2006. Basic Notions of Information Srtucture. Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin and Zentrum fur Allgemeine Sprachwissenshaft, Berlin. Electronic Version.

10.  Skopeteas,S (in collaboration with Cornelia Endriss). Implicational Topic. ProjektD2: Typologie der Informationsstruktur. Questionnaire on Information Structure. Universitat Potsdam/ Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin. Electronic Version.

11.   Von der Gabelentz, G. 1869. Ideen zu einer vergleichenden Syntax; Zeitschrift fur Volkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft. 6, 376-384.

12.  Wierzbichka, A. 1996. Semantics (Primes and Universals). Oxford, New-York.